- Waveform harmonic power quality problems are usually caused by equipment with a nonlinear current draw.
- Pulling power in a nonlinear manner introduces harmonics in the electrical system and can overheat plant distribution transformers.
- These harmonics can cause current transmission over the neutral power conductor in a 3-phase system.
- This high current can overload circuits, breakers, and transformers.
Power Factor
- In a plant, the power factor, or difference in the phase of the voltage and current waves, is caused by inductive and capacitive loads.
- Inductive load – Causes the current to lag behind the voltage.
- Capacitive load - Causes the current to lead the voltage.
- Increased presence of inductive loads results in lagging Power Factor, installing capacitor banks can help in correcting the power factor.
RMS Voltage fluctuation
RMS, or the root mean squared, is the standard way to measure the level of a sinusoidal wave.
There are three types of RMS voltage variations; a
sag, a
swell, and an
interruption.
Sag - Sags caused within the facility are often caused by load variations or improper wiring. One common cause of a sag is starting an electrical motor. When a motor is started it has a very high inrush current (sometimes 6-10 times the normal operation current).
10% < RMS Voltage < 100%
Interruptions - in a facility are typically caused by fault protection from a circuit breaker or from a fuse. They can sometimes also be traced to a loose wiring connection.
RMS Voltage < 10%
Swells - are typically caused by a rapid decrease in load such as when an electric heater shuts off.
110% < RMS Voltage
You can specify various averaging modes for your measurement, such as RMS averaging, vector averaging, or peak hold, as the number of averages. You can observe the influence of these averaging parameters, typically on the noise floor, and notice that vector averaging requires the use of a trigger in order to lower the noise floor without lowering the fundamental along with it.